Commander

A commander is the leader of an army flank.

Characters are eligible to lead flanks if they are the ruler, their liege's Marshal, or have the minor title of "commander". Barons can grant the "commander" title to 1 character; counts to 2; dukes to 4; kings to 6 and emperors to 8. Nomads have a -4 penalty to their commander limit; khans can have 2 commanders while Khagans can have 4. Nomads have to upgrade the Baghatur Council building at their nomadic capital in order to increase their commander limit. Hindu characters must be of the Kshatriya caste before they can become commanders. With the "full status of women" law passed, females can also become commanders.

When you raise levies, flank leaders are chosen randomly from among your commanders, marshal, and self (if not a child or busy). Flank leaders can be reassigned manually as long as the army is not busy in combat.

Commanders may also be assigned to battalions within the army (in the Reorganise Army view). While their effects will be limited to their battalion, they will be ready to replace Flank commanders if they die, and pose an additional threat to enemy commanders in duels. This option is limited to demesne levies, and retinues.

Courtiers of Holy Orders and Mercenaries may also be assigned as flank leaders if part of their liege's troops are in the army, even if they do not have the commander title. They can also be randomly attached to battalions when you hire their liege. However, they can neither be attached to nor removed from battalions inside a flank manually.

In the Byzantine and Roman Empire, due to the imperial elective system, commanders are both potential successors to the empire and electors choosing the successor. Also, only characters with a title higher than a baron may become commanders (unless there's not enough counts/dukes/kings in the empire to fill all commander slots).

Influence

Out of battle:

• The leader of the center's skill is used to determine the entire army's attrition(?)
• The leader of the center gets siege events(?)
• The leader with the best siege modifier determines siege speed
• The leader with the best movement modifier determines movement speed

In battle:

• The flank leaders each affect their own flank in battle
• Secondary leaders within the same flank have effects on their own sub units

Tactics

Main article: Tactics

The commander can influence tactics selection via martial skill, culture, and traits.

• A high martial skill makes good tactics more likely and bad tactics less likely. The important thresholds here are 8, 12, and 16:
  • below 8 martial skill is a terrible commander; some very harmful "bad" tactics become more likely - you are better off with no commander at all.
  • between 8 and 11 is a decent commander
  • between 12 to 15 is a good commander
  • above 16 martial is a great commander
• Culture enables some exclusive tactics:
  • Arabic culture group enables Desert Ambush
  • Altaic culture group enables Retreat and Ambush Tactic
  • Tibetan culture group enables Mountain Ambush Tactic
  • North Germanic culture group enables Berserker Charge
  • Byzantine culture group enables Embolon Charge Formation
  • Scottish culture enables Schiltron Formation
  • Italian culture enables Pike Column Advance
  • English or Welsh culture enables Massive Longbow Volley Tactic
  • French, Occitan, Norman, German, or Breton culture enables Couched Lance Charge

• Good/bad Traits allow some good/bad tactics.
  • Traits enabling good tactics are:
    • Inspiring leader or Defensive leader enables Inspired Defense
    • Brave , Cavalry leader , or Aggressive leader enables Heroic Counter-Charge
    • Shrewd , Quick , Genius , or Trickster enables Clever Ambush
    • Possessed , or Inspiring leader AND Zealous enables Gripped by Religious Fervour
  • Traits enabling bad tactics are:
    • Wroth or Aggressive leader enables Reckless Charge
    • Craven or Organizer enables Timid Advance
    • Lisp or Stutter enables Confused Orders
    • Slothful or Shy enables Hesitant Commander
    • Cruel enables Charging Through Own Skirmishers
  • Notice that Aggressive leader uniquely enables both a good AND a bad tactic.

Combat modifiers

Commander modifiers are based on character traits and scaled by the commander's Martial skill:

• A beneficial impact is multiplied by (1 + 0.05*commander's martial); this can go arbitrarily high. For instance: x1.5 at 10 martial and x2 at 20 martial.
• A negative impact is multiplied by (1 - 0.05*commander martial), and is completely negated when leader martial is 20 or greater.

Leadership traits

Characters with the most successful martial education (Brilliant strategist ) start with a free one leadership trait. Leadership traits can be gained after battles, through the War focus, or via a favor event. Characters usualy do not get events to acquire new leadership traits while they have 2 (or more) of them already.

	Name	Command	ID	Units	Casualty and morale	Terrain	Other modifiers	Combat Tactics
	Aggressive Leader	aggressive_leader	111		+10% Damage -10% Defense		+25% Pursue	Heroic Countercharge Reckless Charge
	Battlefield Terrain Master	narrow_flank_leader	158				+50% Narrow Flank
	Defender	defensive_leader	108		-10% Damage +25% Defense			Inspired Defense
	Direct Leader	experimenter	109		+20% Leading the Center
	Flanker	flanker	110		+20% Flanker
	Holy Warrior	holy_warrior	130		+30% Damage Against Religious Enemies
	Inspiring Leader	inspiring_leader	105		+15% Morale Damage +15% Morale Defense			Inspired Defense Religious Fervor
	Organizer	organizer	107				+20% Movement Speed +10% Retreat	Timid Advance
	Siege Leader	siege_leader	112				+40% Siege
	Trickster	trickster	106		+30% Experimentality			Clever Ambush
	Unyielding	unyielding_leader	131		+10 Defense +20% Morale Defense
	Winter Soldier	winter_soldier	177		+50% Winter Combat		+4 Winter Supply
Unit leadership traits
	Cavalry Leader	cavalry_leader	104	+20% Mounted Troops				Heroic Countercharge
	Heavy Infantry Leader	heavy_infantry_leader	103	+20% Heavy Foot Troops
	Light Foot Leader	light_foot_leader	102	+20% Light Foot Troops
	War Elephant Leader	war_elephant_leader	174	+20% War Elephants	+20% Morale Damage
Terrain expertise traits
	Desert Expert	desert_terrain_leader	129			+20% Desert
	Flat Terrain Expert	flat_terrain_leader	126			+20% Plains +20% Farmlands +20% Steppe
	Jungle Expert	jungle_terrain_leader	174			+20% Jungle
	Mountain Expert	mountain_terrain_leader	128			+20% Mountains
	Rough Terrain Expert	rough_terrain_leader	127			+20% Forest +20% Hills
Chinese leadership traits
	Way of the Dog	logistics_expert	318		+20% Leading the Center		-50% Attrition +30 Days of Supply
	Way of the Dragon	master_of_flame	317		+20% Damage +20% Morale Damage
	Way of the Leopard	sapper	320			+20% Hills +20% Forest	+50% Siege
	Way of the Tiger	levy_coordinator	319		+20% Flanker		+30% Movement Speed +20% Retreat
Warrior Lodge traits
	Fearsome	norse_leader	346	+25% Heavy Foot Troops			+50% Imprison Enemy Commander
	Marauder	tengri_leader	347	+20% Light Cavalry +10% Heavy Cavalry		+20% Plains +20% Farmlands +20% Steppe
	Forest Ambusher	baltic_leader	348		+15% Defense +30% Flanker	+20% Forest
	Shield of the Tundra	finnish_leader	349		+25% Winter Combat	+20% Arctic	+3 Winter Supply
	Pillar of the Plains	slavic_leader	350		+20% Morale Damage +20% Morale Defense	+20% Plains (only)
	Spirit Warrior	west_african_leader	351	+20% Light Foot Troops +20% Light Cavalry		+20% Desert
	Scorcher	zun_leader	352			+20% Desert +20% Mountain	+20% Siege +10% Movement Speed
	Mountain Guardian	bon_leader	353	+20% Light Foot Troops		+20% Hills +20% Mountains	+10% Movement Speed
	Aeneator	hellenic_leader	354		+30% Morale Damage +20% Morale Defense		+10% Movement Speed

Personality traits

• Patient adds to defense
• Brave adds to morale defense
• Cruel adds to morale damage
• Craven reduces morale defense

Lifestyle traits

The following lifestyle traits have commander modifiers:

	Name	Combat modifiers
	Game Master	+30% Narrow Flank
	Strategist	+20% Defence
	Hunter	+20% Pursuit
	Administrator	+10% Movement Speed
	Architect	+20% Siege
	Impaler	+10% Morale Damage

Events

Commanders may be wounded , maimed , made incapable , or killed during battle.

Commanders may be captured when a battle is lost.

Strategies

Invite skillful commanders from other courts.

Take advantage of conditional traits. Traits such as Holy warrior , Winter soldier , and terrain expertise are very powerful when triggered.

Improve your kill advantage:

• Offense is increased by Direct leader (center flank only) and Aggressive leader
• Defense is increased by Patient , Defensive leader , and Unyielding leader

Improve your morale advantage by combining a kill advantage with morale multipliers:

• Morale offense is increased by Inspiring leader , Cruel , and War elephant leader .
• Morale defense is increased by Inspiring leader , Brave and Holy warrior .
• Morale defense is decreased by Craven .

Save morale-specific advantage for close battles. When you're clearly losing, you should order your army to retreat immediately (by right-clicking a destination). When you're clearly winning, you might prefer to deal less morale damage per kill, so the battle is more decisive and you spend less time chasing the enemy.

Match culture and traits with flank composition: For example, a flank of heavy infantry retinues will benefit from a Heavy infantry leader who can use the North Germanic culture-specific tactic. You may wish to put all your retinues on a single flank (with levies at least defending the other flanks) to maximize the effect.

Let new commanders practice. Let them lead flanks in less important battles while your best commanders are safely at home, or let them lead sub-units. Your fresh commanders can gain brave/craven or patient/wroth, which are each useful in some situations. More importantly, they can gain leadership traits, including:

• Terrain specialization appropriate for the location
• Winter soldier if the location is experiencing winter

• Holy warrior if Zealous .

Give your armies exercise. Contribute to allies' wars, help neighbors fight off heretic uprisings, raid, or fight raiders. Force realms to become your tributaries, then offer to join their wars.

Maximize commander training. A vassal with 12+ martial and a leadership trait may offer to train your commanders (see favors for details). This event chain starts with the vassal, so having more skilled vassals makes it more likely.

Employ a Chinese strategist. A Chinese strategist who is your courtier or vassal will randomly teach Chinese leadership traits to your commanders. A strategist can be requested for 750 grace, or an existing strategist can be poached by granting a title. This event chain starts with the liege, and can only be made more likely by having a golden-age strategist (identifiable by having two Chinese leadership traits rather than just one).

Exclusive to Byzantine/Roman Empire

• Note that distinguished and excellent commanders are both influential electors and popular candidates for the throne, a problem if they are not of your dynasty.
• Mutilation: Since mutilation is permanent (barring supernatural interference), the commander will be permanently disqualified. However, consider only mutilating non-dynasts (e.g. if the emperor decides to employ dynasts as commanders).

Warfare

Troops

Levies • Retinues • Mercenaries • Holy orders • Event troops • Hordes • Adventurers

Battles

Combat • Combat tactics • Commanders • Raiding

Concepts

Alliances • Casus Belli • Claims • Crusades, jihads and great holy wars • Factions • Attrition